요즘 Ruby on Rails (ROR) 로 커피 온라인 샾을 구성중이다.
xp 방법론을 사용하여 일단 스토리 카드를 작성, googlecode 에 올려 팀과 함께 공유중이며, 일단 ROR 관련 공부를 하겠다는 취지하에 시작한 프로젝트라서 하나의 작업이 완료되면 서로 공유하는 시간을 가지고 있다.
일단 지금은 공통 코드 및 사용자 로그인 부분을 작업 중이며, 나는 공통 코드 중 국가 코드와 농장 코드를 맡게 되었다.
커피의 제품 표시 및 원산지 표시를 하기 위해 국가 및 농장 코드를 공통 코드로 나누었고, 국가 코드엔 국가 별로 커피 등급을 지정하는 표기법이 다르기에 5가지 단계로 나누어 입력하게 넣어 두었다.
농장코드는 농장 이름과 국가 코드를 가지고 있으며 최종적으로 상품 입력시 국가 이름과 농장 이름, 그리고 커피 등급으로 제품 이름이 결정되게 된다.
국가 코드를 만드는 부분은 별다르게 어려운 부분이 없었다. 바로 scaffold 하여 입력시 국가 이름을 한글 영문으로 넣는 부분을 확인하며 영문 부분은 중복 이름 확인 기능을 넣어 주었다.
문제는 농장 코드 입력 부분인데, 여기서 Dropdown 리스트를 만드는 부분에서 이해 하기는 쉬웠지만 사용하기까지 어려운 부분이 있어 잠시 적어보려고 한다.
국가 코드의 id 필드를 참조하여 농장 코드 입력 시 사용자 화면에서는 Dropdown List 로 국가명을 보여주고, 저장시엔 농장 테이블에 국가 코드 id 를 저장케 했다.
자 여기서 농장 테이블(farms) 와 나라 테이블 (nationals) 와의 관계를 적어줘야 하는데, farms 모델 파일인 farms.rb 에서 농장 테이블이 나라 테이블에 national_id 를 foreign_key 로 호함되어 있다고 알려주었고
객체변수 선언을 위와 같이 controller 에서 해주면, farms 의 view 단에서 db 에서 들고 온 정보들을 원하는데로 사용할 수 있다. 기본적으로 New, Show, Edit, Delete 가 만들어지는 ROR 에서, 일단 New 에 Dropdown List 를 만들어 보았다.
collection_select 헬퍼(helper) 는 dropdown 리스트를 뷰단에 작성을 해준다. 이때 저장되어야 하는 모델 과 저장 될 모델의 필드명을 지정 해 주고, 보여줄 값들을 가지고 있는 객체변수명과 option 값, 그리고 dropdownlist 에 보여주는 값을 지정 해 준다.
자.. 내가 우분투를 설치한 이유중 가장 큰 이유는 루비온레일즈 공부 때문이다.
지난번엔 Ruby on Rails 의 강좌 중 Depot 강좌를 따라하는 내용을 올리다 말았는데, 그 이유는 모.. 그냥.. ㅡ,.ㅡa 다른일이 생겨서 잠시 보류 시켰지만, 다시 한번 마음을 가다듬고 루비온레일즈를 공부 하기 위해 모든걸 설치 하기로 했다.
Ubuntu 9.04 버전이 나왔다. Jaunty Jakalope 의 To-do 리스트에서 내가 설치한 패키지들에 대한 내용을 적어본다.
출처(http://theindexer.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/to-do-list-after-installing-ubuntu-904-aka-jaunty-jackalope/)
1. 소프트웨어 저장소 리스트 확장
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list
Ubuntu 에서 더 많은 소프트웨어들을 다운 받을 수 있게 소스 리스트 확장 시켰다.
a) 위의 명령어로 소스 리스트 파일을 연후 아래 리스트로 바꿔준다.
# Salimane Adjao Moustapha's Ubuntu Jaunty Jackalope 9.04 Sources list
#
# Repository List based on standard Jaunty with many extra packages
#
# If you get errors about missing keys, lookup the key in this file
# and run these commands (replace KEY with the key number):
#
# gpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv KEY
# gpg --export --armor KEY | sudo apt-key add -
#
# If you have a gpg key URL use (replace URL with the key address):
#
# wget -q http://lut1n.ifrance.com/repo_key.asc -O- | sudo apt-key add -
#
# If you have a gpg key file use (replace FILE with the key file):
#
# sudo apt-key add FILE
# Ubuntu supported packages
deb http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty main restricted multiverse universe
deb http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates main restricted multiverse universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty main restricted multiverse universe
deb-src http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://fr.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ jaunty-updates main restricted multiverse universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
#Canonical Commercial Repository
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-security partner
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-backports partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-updates partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-security partner
deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu jaunty-proposed partner
#gnome-globalmenu
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/globalmenu-team/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
#opera
deb http://deb.opera.com/opera/ lenny non-free
#skype
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian stable non-free
#firefox
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/fta/ubuntu jaunty main
#gnome-do
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/do-core/ubuntu jaunty main
#compiz-fusion
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/compiz/ubuntu jaunty main
#google
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
#medibuntu
deb http://packages.medibuntu.org/ jaunty free non-free
# MySQL Workbench
deb ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/download/gui-tools/ubuntu/ binary/
deb-src ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/download/gui-tools/ubuntu/ source/
# Depot PlayOnLinux
# KEY GPG: wget -q http://deb.mulx.net/pol.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -
deb http://deb.mulx.net/ jaunty main
# Ubuntu tweak
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/tualatrix/ubuntu jaunty main
##Themes du ZgegBlog: Project Bisigi
deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/bisigi/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/bisigi/ppa/ubuntu jaunty main
5. 인스턴스 메신저 (MSN, Yahoo Messenger) 처럼 사용할 수 있는 Emesene, Pidgin 입니다. Emesene 은 윈도우상의 MSN 메신저를 리눅스에 구현해 놓은 프로그램이며 Pidgin 은 따로 다운받을 필요없이 디폴트로 설치됩니다.
a) 프로그램-> 인터넷 -> Pidgin 인터넷 메신저
b) Emessen 설치 : sudo apt-get install emesene 프로그램->인터넷-> Emessen 메신저
6. NateOn 설치 :
(http://kldp.net/frs/?group_id=1143 ) 페이지에서 리눅스 용 네이트온이 올라온다.
아직 인텔 x86 용으로는 9.04 버전 Ubuntu 에서 실행 가능한 네이트는 아직 없다. (2009-05-05)
해보진 않았지만 다음 링크에서 Pidgin 에서 Nateon 플러그인 설치하는 방법이 자세히 설명되어 나와있다.
(http://rageworx.tistory.com/426)
Jaunty Jakalope 의 원본 글을 보면 윈도우 관련 프로그램이나 게임들도 실행 할 수 있도록 하는 프로그램들 포함하여 41가지 프로그램들이 나열되어 있다. 내가 당장 필요한 9가지 기본적인 프로그램을 설치 해 봤다.
리눅스가 어렵다고 이야기들 많이 하는데, 별로 내가 사용하는데 필요한 부분들만 충족 시켜 주어 조금만 익숙해 진다면 참 좋은 프로그램일 듯 싶다. 윈도우도 뭐 그닥 내가 100% 사용할 줄 알아서 사용해온 OS 가 아닌건 분명하다. 그렇다면 구지 지속적으로 무거워 지는 OS 를 사용해야 하는지 의문점이 나서 시작한 우분투, 계속 발전해 나아갔으면 한다.
slideUp, slideDown, slideToggle (속도, callback) 은 속도 "slow", "normal", "fast" 값으로 지정해 줄수 있으며 또한 숫자 밀리세컨드로 값지정이 가능하다.
옵션으로 callback (function) 도 가능하다. 에니메이션이 끝난 후 실행될 함수가 각각의 엘리멘트들이 한번씩 실행될때 마다 불려 진다.
간략한 소개
1) 버전 : 1.0
2) 출시 : 2009 년 4월 9일
3) 언어 : 영어
ASP.NET MVC 1.0은 ASP.NET 3.5 런타임에 새로운 MVC 프레임웍을 탑제 하여, MVC 디자인 패턴으로 개발자들로 하여금 웹 어플리케이션을 개발하는데 좀더 유리하게 하였다. UI 나 View 를 비지니스 와 어플리케이션 로직 및 백엔드 데이터와 명확하게 구분될 수 있도록 하였으며, 테스트 주도 개발 또한 쉽도록 하였다.
ASP.NET MVC framework 는 웹 어플리케이션에 사용하는 폴더 구조에 관습적인 특정 패턴의 정의를 부여하며, "action" 의 요청에 대하여 컨트롤러 기반 클래스가 받아 처리토록 하였다.
이번 릴리즈엔 웹 어플리케이션을 만들 때 Visual Studio 2008 MVC 템플릿이 사용할 수 있도록 하였으며 이를 사용한 웹 어플리케이션 개발에 개발자들이 편리하게 선택할 수 있는 특정 유닛 테스트 구조도 포함하고 있다.
MVC 프레임웤은 개발자들의 필요에 따른 정교하며 복잡한 구조 설계나, Dependency Injection(DI) 기술, 새로운 뷰 렌더링 엔진 혹은 개발자가 만든 컨트롤러 등 개발자가 개발에 필요한 확장이 자유롭도록 하였다.
ASP.NET MVC 프레임웤이 ASP.NET 3.5 에 탑제되어 있어 개발자들은 .NET 3.5 의 로컬라이제이션, 권한, 프로필 등 모든 기능들을 함께 사용할 수 있다.
System Requirements 지원 OS: Server 2003, Server 2008, Vista, XP, .NET 3.5 SP1 VS2008, VS2008 SP1 이나 Visual Web Developer 2008 SP1
There are two major changes in the architecture of Rails applications: complete integration of the Rack modular web server interface, and renewed support for Rails Engines
1.1 Rack Integration
Rails has now broken with its CGI past, and uses Rack everywhere. This required and resulted in a tremendous number of internal changes (but if you use CGI, don’t worry; Rails now supports CGI through a proxy interface.) Still, this is a major change to Rails internals. After upgrading to 2.3, you should test on your local environment and your production environment. Some things to test:
Sessions
Cookies
File uploads
JSON/XML APIs
Here’s a summary of the rack-related changes:
script/server has been switched to use Rack, which means it supports any Rack compatible server. script/server will also pick up a rackup configuration file if one exists. By default, it will look for a config.ru file, but you can override this with the -c switch.
The FCGI handler goes through Rack.
ActionController::Dispatcher maintains its own default middleware stack. Middlewares can be injected in, reordered, and removed. The stack is compiled into a chain on boot. You can configure the middleware stack in environment.rb.
The rake middleware task has been added to inspect the middleware stack. This is useful for debugging the order of the middleware stack.
The integration test runner has been modified to execute the entire middleware and application stack. This makes integration tests perfect for testing Rack middleware.
ActionController::CGIHandler is a backwards compatible CGI wrapper around Rack. The CGIHandler is meant to take an old CGI object and convert its environment information into a Rack compatible form.
CgiRequest and CgiResponse have been removed.
Session stores are now lazy loaded. If you never access the session object during a request, it will never attempt to load the session data (parse the cookie, load the data from memcache, or lookup an Active Record object).
You no longer need to use CGI::Cookie.new in your tests for setting a cookie value. Assigning a String value to request.cookies[“foo”] now sets the cookie as expected.
CGI::Session::CookieStore has been replaced by ActionController::Session::CookieStore.
CGI::Session::MemCacheStore has been replaced by ActionController::Session::MemCacheStore.
CGI::Session::ActiveRecordStore has been replaced by ActiveRecord::SessionStore.
You can still change your session store with ActionController::Base.session_store = :active_record_store.
Default sessions options are still set with ActionController::Base.session = { :key => "..." }.
The mutex that normally wraps your entire request has been moved into middleware, ActionController::Lock.
ActionController::AbstractRequest and ActionController::Request have been unified. The new ActionController::Request inherits from Rack::Request. This affects access to response.headers['type'] in test requests. Use response.content_type instead.
ActiveRecord::QueryCache middleware is automatically inserted onto the middleware stack if ActiveRecord has been loaded. This middleware sets up and flushes the per-request Active Record query cache.
The Rails router and controller classes follow the Rack spec. You can call a controller directly with SomeController.call(env). The router stores the routing parameters in rack.routing_args.
ActionController::Request inherits from Rack::Request.
Instead of config.action_controller.session = { :session_key => 'foo', ... use config.action_controller.session = { :key => 'foo', ....
Using the ParamsParser middleware preprocesses any XML, JSON, or YAML requests so they can be read normally with any Rack::Request object after it.
1.2 Renewed Support for Rails Engines
After some versions without an upgrade, Rails 2.3 offers some new features for Rails Engines (Rails applications that can be embedded within other applications). First, routing files in engines are automatically loaded and reloaded now, just like your routes.rb file (this also applies to routing files in other plugins). Second, if your plugin has an app folder, then app/[models|controllers|helpers] will automatically be added to the Rails load path. Engines also support adding view paths now, and Action Mailer as well as Action View will use views from engines and other plugins.
2 Documentation
The Ruby on Rails guides project has published several additional guides for Rails 2.3. In addition, a separate site maintains updated copies of the Guides for Edge Rails. Other documentation efforts include a relaunch of the Rails wiki and early planning for a Rails Book.
Rails 2.3 should pass all of its own tests whether you are running on Ruby 1.8 or the now-released Ruby 1.9.1. You should be aware, though, that moving to 1.9.1 entails checking all of the data adapters, plugins, and other code that you depend on for Ruby 1.9.1 compatibility, as well as Rails core.
4 Active Record
Active Record gets quite a number of new features and bug fixes in Rails 2.3. The highlights include nested attributes, nested transactions, dynamic and default scopes, and batch processing.
4.1 Nested Attributes
Active Record can now update the attributes on nested models directly, provided you tell it to do so:
class Book < ActiveRecord::Base has_one :author has_many :pages accepts_nested_attributes_for :author, :pages end
Turning on nested attributes enables a number of things: automatic (and atomic) saving of a record together with its associated children, child-aware validations, and support for nested forms (discussed later).
You can also specify requirements for any new records that are added via nested attributes using the :reject_if option:
Active Record now supports nested transactions, a much-requested feature. Now you can write code like this:
User.transaction do User.create(:username => 'Admin') User.transaction(:requires_new => true) do User.create(:username => 'Regular') raise ActiveRecord::Rollback end end User.find(:all) # => Returns only Admin
Nested transactions let you roll back an inner transaction without affecting the state of the outer transaction. If you want a transaction to be nested, you must explicitly add the :requires_new option; otherwise, a nested transaction simply becomes part of the parent transaction (as it does currently on Rails 2.2). Under the covers, nested transactions are using savepoints, so they’re supported even on databases that don’t have true nested transactions. There is also a bit of magic going on to make these transactions play well with transactional fixtures during testing.
You know about dynamic finders in Rails (which allow you to concoct methods like find_by_color_and_flavor on the fly) and named scopes (which allow you to encapsulate reusable query conditions into friendly names like currently_active). Well, now you can have dynamic scope methods. The idea is to put together syntax that allows filtering on the fly and method chaining. For example:
Rails 2.3 will introduce the notion of default scopes similar to named scopes, but applying to all named scopes or find methods within the model. For example, you can write default_scope :order => 'name ASC' and any time you retrieve records from that model they’ll come out sorted by name (unless you override the option, of course).
You can now process large numbers of records from an ActiveRecord model with less pressure on memory by using find_in_batches:
Customer.find_in_batches(:conditions => {:active => true}) do |customer_group| customer_group.each { |customer| customer.update_account_balance! } end
You can pass most of the find options into find_in_batches. However, you cannot specify the order that records will be returned in (they will always be returned in ascending order of primary key, which must be an integer), or use the :limit option. Instead, use the :batch_size option, which defaults to 1000, to set the number of records that will be returned in each batch.
The new find_each method provides a wrapper around find_in_batches that returns individual records, with the find itself being done in batches (of 1000 by default):
Customer.find_each do |customer| customer.update_account_balance! end
Note that you should only use this method for batch processing: for small numbers of records (less than 1000), you should just use the regular find methods with your own loop.
More Information (at that point the convenience method was called just each):
Rails now has a :having option on find (as well as on has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many associations) for filtering records in grouped finds. As those with heavy SQL backgrounds know, this allows filtering based on grouped results:
MySQL supports a reconnect flag in its connections – if set to true, then the client will try reconnecting to the server before giving up in case of a lost connection. You can now set reconnect = true for your MySQL connections in database.yml to get this behavior from a Rails application. The default is false, so the behavior of existing applications doesn’t change.
An extra AS was removed from the generated SQL for has_and_belongs_to_many preloading, making it work better for some databases.
ActiveRecord::Base#new_record? now returns false rather than nil when confronted with an existing record.
A bug in quoting table names in some has_many :through associations was fixed.
You can now specify a particular timestamp for updated_at timestamps: cust = Customer.create(:name => "ABC Industries", :updated_at => 1.day.ago)
Better error messages on failed find_by_attribute! calls.
Active Record’s to_xml support gets just a little bit more flexible with the addition of a :camelize option.
A bug in canceling callbacks from before_update or before_create was fixed.
Rake tasks for testing databases via JDBC have been added.
validates_length_of will use a custom error message with the :in or :within options (if one is supplied).
Counts on scoped selects now work properly, so you can do things like Account.scoped(:select => "DISTINCT credit_limit").count.
ActiveRecord::Base#invalid? now works as the opposite of ActiveRecord::Base#valid?.
5 Action Controller
Action Controller rolls out some significant changes to rendering, as well as improvements in routing and other areas, in this release.
5.1 Unified Rendering
ActionController::Base#renderis a lot smarter about deciding what to render. Now you can just tell it what to render and expect to get the right results. In older versions of Rails, you often need to supply explicit information to render:
Rails chooses between file, template, and action depending on whether there is a leading slash, an embedded slash, or no slash at all in what’s to be rendered. Note that you can also use a symbol instead of a string when rendering an action. Other rendering styles (:inline, :text, :update, :nothing, :json, :xml, :js) still require an explicit option.
5.2 Application Controller Renamed
If you’re one of the people who has always been bothered by the special-case naming of application.rb, rejoice! It’s been reworked to be application_controller.rb in Rails 2.3. In addition, there’s a new rake task, rake rails:update:application_controller to do this automatically for you – and it will be run as part of the normal rake rails:update process.
Rails now has built-in support for HTTP digest authentication. To use it, you call authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest with a block that returns the user’s password (which is then hashed and compared against the transmitted credentials):
class PostsController < ApplicationController Users = {"dhh" => "secret"} before_filter :authenticate def secret render :text => "Password Required!" end private def authenticate realm = "Application" authenticate_or_request_with_http_digest(realm) do |name| Users[name] end end end
There are a couple of significant routing changes in Rails 2.3. The formatted_ route helpers are gone, in favor just passing in :format as an option. This cuts down the route generation process by 50% for any resource – and can save a substantial amount of memory (up to 100MB on large applications). If your code uses the formatted_ helpers, it will still work for the time being – but that behavior is deprecated and your application will be more efficient if you rewrite those routes using the new standard. Another big change is that Rails now supports multiple routing files, not just routes.rb. You can use RouteSet#add_configuration_file to bring in more routes at any time – without clearing the currently-loaded routes. While this change is most useful for Engines, you can use it in any application that needs to load routes in batches.
A big change pushed the underpinnings of Action Controller session storage down to the Rack level. This involved a good deal of work in the code, though it should be completely transparent to your Rails applications (as a bonus, some icky patches around the old CGI session handler got removed). It’s still significant, though, for one simple reason: non-Rails Rack applications have access to the same session storage handlers (and therefore the same session) as your Rails applications. In addition, sessions are now lazy-loaded (in line with the loading improvements to the rest of the framework). This means that you no longer need to explicitly disable sessions if you don’t want them; just don’t refer to them and they won’t load.
5.6 MIME Type Handling Changes
There are a couple of changes to the code for handling MIME types in Rails. First, MIME::Type now implements the =~ operator, making things much cleaner when you need to check for the presence of a type that has synonyms:
if content_type && Mime::JS =~ content_type # do something cool end Mime::JS =~ "text/javascript" => true Mime::JS =~ "application/javascript" => true
The other change is that the framework now uses the Mime::JS when checking for javascript in various spots, making it handle those alternatives cleanly.
In some of the first fruits of the Rails-Merb team merger, Rails 2.3 includes some optimizations for the respond_to method, which is of course heavily used in many Rails applications to allow your controller to format results differently based on the MIME type of the incoming request. After eliminating a call to method_missing and some profiling and tweaking, we’re seeing an 8% improvement in the number of requests per second served with a simple respond_to that switches between three formats. The best part? No change at all required to the code of your application to take advantage of this speedup.
5.8 Improved Caching Performance
Rails now keeps a per-request local cache of read from the remote cache stores, cutting down on unnecessary reads and leading to better site performance. While this work was originally limited to MemCacheStore, it is available to any remote store than implements the required methods.
Rails can now provide localized views, depending on the locale that you have set. For example, suppose you have a Posts controller with a show action. By default, this will render app/views/posts/show.html.erb. But if you set I18n.locale = :da, it will render app/views/posts/show.da.html.erb. If the localized template isn’t present, the undecorated version will be used. Rails also includes I18n#available_locales and I18n::SimpleBackend#available_locales, which return an array of the translations that are available in the current Rails project.
In addition, you can use the same scheme to localize the rescue files in the public directory: public/500.da.html or public/404.en.html work, for example.
5.10 Partial Scoping for Translations
A change to the translation API makes things easier and less repetitive to write key translations within partials. If you call translate(".foo") from the people/index.html.erb template, you’ll actually be calling I18n.translate("people.index.foo") If you don’t prepend the key with a period, then the API doesn’t scope, just as before.
5.11 Other Action Controller Changes
ETag handling has been cleaned up a bit: Rails will now skip sending an ETag header when there’s no body to the response or when sending files with send_file.
The fact that Rails checks for IP spoofing can be a nuisance for sites that do heavy traffic with cell phones, because their proxies don’t generally set things up right. If that’s you, you can now set ActionController::Base.ip_spoofing_check = false to disable the check entirely.
ActionController::Dispatcher now implements its own middleware stack, which you can see by running rake middleware.
Cookie sessions now have persistent session identifiers, with API compatibility with the server-side stores.
You can now use symbols for the :type option of send_file and send_data, like this: send_file("fabulous.png", :type => :png).
The :only and :except options for map.resources are no longer inherited by nested resources.
The bundled memcached client has been updated to version 1.6.4.99.
The expires_in, stale?, and fresh_when methods now accept a :public option to make them work well with proxy caching.
The :requirements option now works properly with additional RESTful member routes.
Shallow routes now properly respect namespaces.
polymorphic_url does a better job of handling objects with irregular plural names.
6 Action View
Action View in Rails 2.3 picks up nested model forms, improvements to render, more flexible prompts for the date select helpers, and a speedup in asset caching, among other things.
6.1 Nested Object Forms
Provided the parent model accepts nested attributes for the child objects (as discussed in the Active Record section), you can create nested forms using form_for and field_for. These forms can be nested arbitrarily deep, allowing you to edit complex object hierarchies on a single view without excessive code. For example, given this model:
class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base has_many :orders accepts_nested_attributes_for :orders, :allow_destroy => true end
You can write this view in Rails 2.3:
<% form_for @customer do |customer_form| %> <div> <%= customer_form.label :name, 'Customer Name:' %> <%= customer_form.text_field :name %> </div> <!-- Here we call fields_for on the customer_form builder instance. The block is called for each member of the orders collection. --> <% customer_form.fields_for :orders do |order_form| %> <p> <div> <%= order_form.label :number, 'Order Number:' %> <%= order_form.text_field :number %> </div> <!-- The allow_destroy option in the model enables deletion of child records. --> <% unless order_form.object.new_record? %> <div> <%= order_form.label :_delete, 'Remove:' %> <%= order_form.check_box :_delete %> </div> <% end %> </p> <% end %> <%= customer_form.submit %> <% end %>
The render method has been getting smarter over the years, and it’s even smarter now. If you have an object or a collection and an appropriate partial, and the naming matches up, you can now just render the object and things will work. For example, in Rails 2.3, these render calls will work in your view (assuming sensible naming):
In Rails 2.3, you can supply custom prompts for the various date select helpers (date_select, time_select, and datetime_select), the same way you can with collection select helpers. You can supply a prompt string or a hash of individual prompt strings for the various components. You can also just set :prompt to true to use the custom generic prompt:
You’re likely familiar with Rails’ practice of adding timestamps to static asset paths as a “cache buster.” This helps ensure that stale copies of things like images and stylesheets don’t get served out of the user’s browser cache when you change them on the server. You can now modify this behavior with the cache_asset_timestamps configuration option for Action View. If you enable the cache, then Rails will calculate the timestamp once when it first serves an asset, and save that value. This means fewer (expensive) file system calls to serve static assets – but it also means that you can’t modify any of the assets while the server is running and expect the changes to get picked up by clients.
6.5 Asset Hosts as Objects
Asset hosts get more flexible in edge Rails with the ability to declare an asset host as a specific object that responds to a call. This allows you to to implement any complex logic you need in your asset hosting.
Action View already had a bunch of helpers to aid in generating select controls, but now there’s one more: grouped_options_for_select. This one accepts an array or hash of strings, and converts them into a string of option tags wrapped with optgroup tags. For example:
grouped_options_for_select([["Hats", ["Baseball Cap","Cowboy Hat"]]], "Cowboy Hat", "Choose a product...")
The form select helpers (such as select and options_for_select) now support a :disabled option, which can take a single value or an array of values to be disabled in the resulting tags:
Rails 2.3 includes the ability to enable or disable cached templates for any particular environment. Cached templates give you a speed boost because they don’t check for a new template file when they’re rendered – but they also mean that you can’t replace a template “on the fly” without restarting the server.
In most cases, you’ll want template caching to be turned on in production, which you can do by making a setting in your production.rb file:
config.action_view.cache_template_loading = true
This line will be generated for you by default in a new Rails 2.3 application. If you’ve upgraded from an older version of Rails, Rails will default to caching templates in production and test but not in development.
6.9 Other Action View Changes
Token generation for CSRF protection has been simplified; now Rails uses a simple random string generated by ActiveSupport::SecureRandom rather than mucking around with session IDs.
auto_link now properly applies options (such as :target and :class) to generated e-mail links.
The autolink helper has been refactored to make it a bit less messy and more intuitive.
current_page? now works properly even when there are multiple query parameters in the URL.
7 Active Support
Active Support has a few interesting changes, including the introduction of Object#try.
7.1 Object#try
A lot of folks have adopted the notion of using try() to attempt operations on objects. It’s especially helpful in views where you can avoid nil-checking by writing code like <%= @person.try(:name) %>. Well, now it’s baked right into Rails. As implemented in Rails, it raises NoMethodError on private methods and always returns nil if the object is nil.
Object#tapis an addition to Ruby 1.9 and 1.8.7 that is similar to the returning method that Rails has had for a while: it yields to a block, and then returns the object that was yielded. Rails now includes code to make this available under older versions of Ruby as well.
7.3 Swappable Parsers for XMLmini
The support for XML parsing in ActiveSupport has been made more flexible by allowing you to swap in different parsers. By default, it uses the standard REXML implementation, but you can easily specify the faster LibXML or Nokogiri implementations for your own applications, provided you have the appropriate gems installed:
The Time and TimeWithZone classes include an xmlschema method to return the time in an XML-friendly string. As of Rails 2.3, TimeWithZone supports the same argument for specifying the number of digits in the fractional second part of the returned string that Time does:
If you look up the spec on the “json.org” site, you’ll discover that all keys in a JSON structure must be strings, and they must be quoted with double quotes. Starting with Rails 2.3, we do the right thing here, even with numeric keys.
7.6 Other Active Support Changes
You can use Enumerable#none? to check that none of the elements match the supplied block.
If you’re using Active Support delegates, the new :allow_nil option lets you return nil instead of raising an exception when the target object is nil.
ActiveSupport::OrderedHash: now implements each_key and each_value.
ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor provides a simple way to encrypt information for storage in an untrusted location (like cookies).
Active Support’s from_xml no longer depends on XmlSimple. Instead, Rails now includes its own XmlMini implementation, with just the functionality that it requires. This lets Rails dispense with the bundled copy of XmlSimple that it’s been carting around.
If you memoize a private method, the result will now be private.
String#parameterize accepts an optional separator: "Quick Brown Fox".parameterize('_') => "quick_brown_fox".
ActiveSupport::Json.decode now handles \u0000 style escape sequences.
8 Railties
In addition to the Rack changes covered above, Railties (the core code of Rails itself) sports a number of significant changes, including Rails Metal, application templates, and quiet backtraces.
8.1 Rails Metal
Rails Metal is a new mechanism that provides superfast endpoints inside of your Rails applications. Metal classes bypass routing and Action Controller to give you raw speed (at the cost of all the things in Action Controller, of course). This builds on all of the recent foundation work to make Rails a Rack application with an exposed middleware stack. Metal endpoints can be loaded from your application or from plugins.
Rails 2.3 incorporates Jeremy McAnally’s rg application generator. What this means is that we now have template-based application generation built right into Rails; if you have a set of plugins you include in every application (among many other use cases), you can just set up a template once and use it over and over again when you run the rails command. There’s also a rake task to apply a template to an existing application:
rake rails:template LOCATION=~/template.rb
This will layer the changes from the template on top of whatever code the project already contains.
Building on Thoughtbot’s Quiet Backtrace plugin, which allows you to selectively remove lines from Test::Unit backtraces, Rails 2.3 implements ActiveSupport::BacktraceCleaner and Rails::BacktraceCleaner in core. This supports both filters (to perform regex-based substitutions on backtrace lines) and silencers (to remove backtrace lines entirely). Rails automatically adds silencers to get rid of the most common noise in a new application, and builds a config/backtrace_silencers.rb file to hold your own additions. This feature also enables prettier printing from any gem in the backtrace.
8.4 Faster Boot Time in Development Mode with Lazy Loading/Autoload
Quite a bit of work was done to make sure that bits of Rails (and its dependencies) are only brought into memory when they’re actually needed. The core frameworks – Active Support, Active Record, Action Controller, Action Mailer and Action View – are now using autoload to lazy-load their individual classes. This work should help keep the memory footprint down and improve overall Rails performance.
You can also specify (by using the new preload_frameworks option) whether the core libraries should be autoloaded at startup. This defaults to false so that Rails autoloads itself piece-by-piece, but there are some circumstances where you still need to bring in everything at once – Passenger and JRuby both want to see all of Rails loaded together.
8.5 rake gem Task Rewrite
The internals of the various rake gem tasks have been substantially revised, to make the system work better for a variety of cases. The gem system now knows the difference between development and runtime dependencies, has a more robust unpacking system, gives better information when querying for the status of gems, and is less prone to “chicken and egg” dependency issues when you’re bringing things up from scratch. There are also fixes for using gem commands under JRuby and for dependencies that try to bring in external copies of gems that are already vendored.
The instructions for updating a CI server to build Rails have been updated and expanded.
Internal Rails testing has been switched from Test::Unit::TestCase to ActiveSupport::TestCase, and the Rails core requires Mocha to test.
The default environment.rb file has been decluttered.
The dbconsole script now lets you use an all-numeric password without crashing.
Rails.root now returns a Pathname object, which means you can use it directly with the join method to clean up existing code that uses File.join.
Various files in /public that deal with CGI and FCGI dispatching are no longer generated in every Rails application by default (you can still get them if you need them by adding --with-dispatches when you run the rails command, or add them later with rake rails:generate_dispatchers).
Rails Guides have been converted from AsciiDoc to Textile markup.
Scaffolded views and controllers have been cleaned up a bit.
script/server now accepts a —path argument to mount a Rails application from a specific path.
If any configured gems are missing, the gem rake tasks will skip loading much of the environment. This should solve many of the “chicken-and-egg” problems where rake gems:install couldn’t run because gems were missing.
Gems are now unpacked exactly once. This fixes issues with gems (hoe, for instance) which are packed with read-only permissions on the files.
9 Deprecated
A few pieces of older code are deprecated in this release:
If you’re one of the (fairly rare) Rails developers who deploys in a fashion that depends on the inspector, reaper, and spawner scripts, you’ll need to know that those scripts are no longer included in core Rails. If you need them, you’ll be able to pick up copies via the irs_process_scripts plugin.
render_component goes from “deprecated” to “nonexistent” in Rails 2.3. If you still need it, you can install the render_component plugin.
Support for Rails components has been removed.
If you were one of the people who got used to running script/performance/request to look at performance based on integration tests, you need to learn a new trick: that script has been removed from core Rails now. There’s a new request_profiler plugin that you can install to get the exact same functionality back.
ActionController::Base#session_enabled? is deprecated because sessions are lazy-loaded now.
The :digest and :secret options to protect_from_forgery are deprecated and have no effect.
Some integration test helpers have been removed. response.headers["Status"] and headers["Status"] will no longer return anything. Rack does not allow “Status” in its return headers. However you can still use the status and status_message helpers. response.headers["cookie"] and headers["cookie"] will no longer return any CGI cookies. You can inspect headers["Set-Cookie"] to see the raw cookie header or use the cookies helper to get a hash of the cookies sent to the client.
formatted_polymorphic_url is deprecated. Use polymorphic_url with :format instead.
The :http_only option in ActionController::Response#set_cookie has been renamed to :httponly.
The :connector and :skip_last_comma options of to_sentence have been replaced by :words_connnector, :two_words_connector, and :last_word_connector options.
Posting a multipart form with an empty file_field control used to submit an empty string to the controller. Now it submits a nil, due to differences between Rack’s multipart parser and the old Rails one.
10 Credits
Release notes compiled by Mike Gunderloy. This version of the Rails 2.3 release notes was compiled based on RC2 of Rails 2.3.
요약해보면,
1. 웹을 사용하여 다운로드 후 설치
2. CD/DVD 를 사용하여 업데이트
3. Torrent 에서 다운받아 업데이트 하기..
내가 해본건.. 1번.. 웹을 사용하여 다운로드 후 설치 이다.
아주 쉽지만, 설치 파일을 받는데 시간이 오래 걸린다.. (난 업그레이드 관련 파일을 kaist 서버가 아닌 디폴트 서버에서 받는다.)
뭐 여하튼 30여분의 다운로드가 끝난 후 업그레이드를 설치하고, 8.10 버전에서 필요치 않은 패키지들을 지우는 작업을 한다.
그리고 시스템을 재시작 하면 끝..
